RoboPrompt: Intuitive Robot Policy Steering with Sparse Human Input

Embodied AI and Robotics Imitation Learning RC ML DM
2026年10月07日
端到端机器人策略若仅通过模仿学习进行训练,往往受限于训练数据多样性的不足,因而难以在真实场景中实现可靠的零样本部署。共享自主(shared-autonomy)方法虽可通过遥操作引入人工校正,但其依赖专用硬件及操作员专门培训,严重制约了大规模实际部署。另一类方法则将人类引导作为策略的额外输入,但通常需对网络架构进行定制化修改,并针对“可引导性”(steerability)开展独立训练,从而限制了该类方法在不同策略间的通用性。本文提出 RoboPrompt——一种通用、轻量级的机器人策略引导系统,支持用户通过直观且稀疏的人机交互方式(包括手绘轨迹、目标点标注以及粗粒度的方向性指令)实时引导策略行为。RoboPrompt 将“人类意图解析”与底层策略解耦:一个可复用的模块负责将人类引导转化为初步动作草案,再交由基础策略所固有的扩散(diffusion)或流匹配(flow-matching)动力学机制进行精细化修正。通过在噪声空间中调控动作生成过程,RoboPrompt 在不修改基础策略架构、亦无需为其“可引导性”进行微调的前提下,实现了人类意图与策略先验知识之间的动态平衡。实验表明,RoboPrompt 能在 Diffusion Policy、$π_{0.5}$ 和 FastWAM 三种主流策略上均实现高效、鲁棒的引导效果。进一步地,我们利用受引导的策略 rollout 数据,结合 DAgger 算法开展在线策略优化:经过仅 2–3 轮迭代后,在三项任务上,$π_{0.5}$ 的平均成功率提升达 15.5%;而在“插入面包”(Insert Bread)这一任务上,Diffusion Policy、$π_{0.5}$ 和 FastWAM 三类策略的平均成功率整体提升达 21.3%;与此同时,人类干预次数的平均值分别由 2.86 次降至 1.60 次(降幅 44.0%),以及由 2.60 次降至 0.47 次(降幅 81.9%)。
End-to-end robot policies trained through imitation learning remain constrained by limited data diversity, making reliable zero-shot deployment in real-world settings challenging. Shared-autonomy methods enable human correction through teleoperation, but specialized hardware and operator training hinder deployment at scale. Other approaches incorporate human guidance as additional policy inputs, often requiring architectural changes and dedicated training for steerability, which limits their applicability across policies. We present RoboPrompt, a general-purpose, lightweight robot policy steering system that enables users to guide policy behavior through intuitive, sparse inputs, including drawn traces, target points, and coarse directional instructions. RoboPrompt decouples human-intention translation from the underlying policy: a reusable module converts human guidance into action drafts, which are refined through the diffusion or flow-matching dynamics of the base policy. By controlling action generation in noise space, RoboPrompt balances human intent with the policy prior without modifying the base policy architecture or fine-tuning it for steerability. Experiments demonstrate effective steering across Diffusion Policy, $π_{0.5}$, and FastWAM. We further use steered rollouts for online policy improvement through DAgger. After 2-3 rounds of iteration, average success rates increase by 15.5\% for $π_{0.5}$ across three tasks and by 21.3\% across three policies(Diffusion Policy, $π_{0.5}$, FastWAM) on the Insert Bread task, while average human intervention counts decrease by 44.0\% (2.86 to 1.60) and 81.9\% (2.60 to 0.47), respectively.
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