GROW$^2$: Grounding Which and Where for Robot Tool Use

Embodied AI and Robotics RP Agent Tool Learning
2026年06月29日
如果手边没有刀,机器人能否用盘子来切蛋糕?工具使用能极大拓展机器人的能力边界;但若要突破工具的预设功能、创造性地使用工具,机器人便面临“开放世界可供性具身化”(open-world affordance grounding)这一核心挑战:即从开放类别的物体中自主选择一个可用作工具的对象,并精确定位其上可用于执行任务的具体作用区域。为此,我们提出了GROW²(GROunding Which and Where,即“定位‘哪个’与‘何处’”)方法。该方法以物体部件为自然抽象单元,将可供性具身化过程分层解耦为语义层面与几何层面两个阶段,从而规避了依赖海量数据、端到端联合训练的传统范式。在语义层面,GROW²充分利用视觉-语言模型(VLM)所具备的常识推理能力,解析自然语言形式的任务指令,据此选取合适的物体作为工具,并识别出该工具上与任务相关的关键部件,以及目标物体上需被操作的相关部件;在几何层面,视觉基础模型则基于单张RGB-D图像,将前述语义层面选定的部件精准映射为三维空间中的具体作用区域。在多个标准基准上的实验表明,GROW²在可供性预测任务中显著优于当前最先进的基线方法;此外,它还能实现对开放类别物体的零样本泛化能力,并在仿真环境及真实世界机器人工具操作实验中均明显超越各类基线方法。
Can the robot use a plate to cut a cake if no knife is available? Tool use greatly expands robot capabilities, but to use tools creatively beyond their intended functions, the robot faces the challenge of $\textit{open-world affordance grounding}$: select an open-category object to act as a tool and localize its specific region of action. To this end, we introduce GROW$^2$ (GROunding Which and Where), which leverages object parts as a natural abstraction to split the grounding process hierarchically into semantic and geometric levels, thus bypassing the need for data-heavy, end-to-end training. Semantically, GROW$^2$ harnesses the commonsense reasoning of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) to parse a natural-language task instruction, select a suitable object as the tool, and identify task-relevant parts on the tool and the target object. Geometrically, vision foundation models then ground the selected parts into precise 3D regions from a single RGB-D image. Experiments on established benchmarks show that GROW$^2$ outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on affordance prediction benchmarks. Further, it achieves zero-shot generalization over open-category objects and outperforms baselines in both simulated and real-world robot tool use experiments.
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