Rethinking the Divergence Regularization in LLM RL

AK's Picks LLM RLHF Other LLM ML RL PGPO
强化学习(RL)已成为大语言模型(LLM)后训练阶段的关键组成部分。在实际应用中,由于训练与推理之间的不匹配以及策略更新滞后,LLM 的强化学习通常采用离策略(off-policy)方式,因此信任域控制对于实现稳定优化至关重要。当前主流方法(如 PPO 和 GRPO)通过比率裁剪(ratio-clipping)机制来近似实现该控制;然而,在长尾词表场景下,重要性比率往往难以准确反映真实的分布偏移。近期工作(例如 DPPO)通过以基于散度的掩码替代基于比率的裁剪,缓解了这一失配问题,从而将信任域定义为采样词元(token)的绝对概率偏移量。但 DPPO 仍依赖于硬掩码(hard mask):一旦某个词元朝有害方向越出信任域边界,其梯度即被直接丢弃,而非加以修正。为解决这一问题,我们提出**散度正则化策略优化(Divergence Regularized Policy Optimization, DRPO)**,该方法以一种平滑的、优势函数加权的二次正则项取代硬掩码,对策略偏移施加约束。DRPO 在保持与 DPPO 完全一致的信任域几何结构的同时,生成有界且连续的梯度权重——这些权重既能抑制发散性的参数更新,又能在信任域边界之外提供具有校正作用的梯度信号。在不同模型规模、网络架构及数值精度设置下的大量实验表明,DRPO 显著提升了大语言模型强化学习训练的稳定性与效率。
Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a key component of post-training large language models (LLMs). In practice, LLM RL is often off-policy because of training-inference mismatch and policy staleness, making trust-region control essential for stable optimization. Mainstream methods such as PPO and GRPO approximate this control with a ratio-clipping mechanism, but the importance ratio can be a poor proxy for distributional shift in long-tailed vocabularies. Recent work such as DPPO addresses this mismatch by replacing ratio-based clipping with a divergence-based mask, yielding a trust region defined by the sampled token's absolute probability shift. However, DPPO still relies on a hard mask: once a token crosses the trust-region boundary in a harmful direction, its gradient is discarded rather than corrected. To address this, we propose Divergence Regularized Policy Optimization (DRPO), which replaces the hard mask with a smooth advantage-weighted quadratic regularizer on policy shift. DRPO preserves the same trust-region geometry as DPPO while inducing bounded, continuous gradient weights that attenuate diverging updates and provide corrective signals beyond the boundary. Experiments across model scales, architectures, and precision settings show that DRPO improves the stability and efficiency of LLM RL training.
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